The Bush Honey Bags and Bush Bees
The people back then put the honeybags made of pandanus leaves. How they manage I don’t know. The birds is a waterfowl that walk on leaves. The freshwater tortoises are good to catch and eat.
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Brolga
Brolga dancing
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Yawkyawk (Ngalkunburriyaymi)
This is a painting of Ngalkunburriyaymi, the fish-women spirit. The water spirits Yawkyawk or Ngalkunburriyaymi are perhaps the most enigmatic. Sometimes compared to the European notion of mermaids, they exist as spiritual beings living in freshwater streams, particularly those in the stone country. The spirit Yawkyawk are usually describe and depicted with the tails of fish, as in this painting. Thus the Kununjku people sometime call them ngalberddjenj which literally means ‘the woman who has a tail like a fish’. They have long hair which is associated with trailing blooms of green algae (called man-bak in Kuninjku) found in freshwater streams and rock pools. At times they leave their aquatic homes to walk about on dry land, particularly at night.
Aboriginal people believe that at one time all animals were humans. During the time of the creation of landscapes and plants and animals, these ancestors heroes in human form changed into their animal forms via a series of various significant events now recorded as oral mythologies.
Today the Kuninjku believe that ngalkunburriyaymi are alive and well and living in freshwater sites in a number of sacred locations. The Kuninjku also believe that ‘clever’ man (magicians with mystical powers called in Kuninjku na-kordang) may take these spirits as wives. The father of Mandarrk, a well known artist who resided in the Central Arnhem area, is said to have had such a spirit as a wife. Unfortunately, it is said, she failed one day to return from being sent to fetch water from the river, and returned to her kin. The ngalkunburriyaymi also have husbands and children of their own kind. Their sites are usually shared with the rainbow serpent ngalyod. Some have ritual importance, for example in some depictions, the yawkyawk spirit holds ceremonial string, just like the lengths of string women hold between both hands today during certain public ceremonies.
There are at least three major ngalkunburriyaymi sacred sites that are well known in the area south and south-west of Maningrida. One site Bolerrhlerr is on the Mann River at a place near Yikarrakkal Outstation where the Mann River has rugged rocky banks and clefts beneath stone overhangs in the water. The yawkyawk in this painting refers to this site. Another very similar site further west in the Kumadderr River district is surrounded by a number of small but very old rock art sites and has become known in English as ‘Dreaming Lady’. A third site is a major yawkyawk dreaming place which is so significant that the traditional clan custodians have set up an outstation community near the site the identify of this group is very much related to their yawkyawk dreaming for which they have spiritual and practical responsibility. This group, known as the Dangkorlo clan, are well known for their bark paintings and sculptures of yawkyawk. Both of Kubarkku’s wives are members of the Dangkorlo clan.
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Untitled
Jakayu primarily paints her country around the Canning Stock Route. In the pujiman (nomadic bush) era, she travelled with her family through the land collecting wilyki (seeds). The circular forms depicted here represent special areas where grasses and wiylki can be found, or they symbolise different waterholes or camps.
Rock holes, waterholes, soaks and springs were all extremely important sites for Martu people during the pujiman era, with many important jukurrpa (dreamtime stories) chronicling the creation of these landmarks. In the past the Martu lived nomadically, moving from water source to water source, and hunting and gathering bush tucker as they went. They would traverse very large distances annually, visiting specific areas in the dry and wet season depending on the availability of water.
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Bush Jewellery – Necklace
The women of Maningrida and surrounding homelands use a combination of locally found seeds, bone and shells to make a variety of jewellery including necklaces. earrings and bracelets. Many of the artists use complex patterns and designs to make their beautiful creations.
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Yurla (Seven Sisters)
“Jukulyulyu- Seven sisters. Some old ladies took some young ladies and showed us this place and told stories of this Jukulyulyu. It is a true dreamtime story.”
– Natasha Williams
The term jukurrpa is often translated in English as the ‘dreaming’, or ‘dreamtime’. It refers generally to the period in which the world was created by ancestral beings, who assumed both human and nonhuman forms. These beings shaped what had been a formless landscape; creating waters, plants, animals, and people. At the same time they provided cultural protocols for the people they created, as well as rules for interacting with the natural environment. At their journey’s end, the ancestral beings transformed themselves into important waters, hills, rocks, and even constellations.
Minyipuru, or Jakulyukulyu (Seven Sisters) is a central jukurrpa narrative for Martu, Ngaanyatjarra, Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara people that is associated with the seasonal Pleiades star constellation. Relayed in song, dance, stories and paintings, Minyipuru serves as a creation narrative, a source of information relating to the physical properties of the land, and an embodiment of Aboriginal cultural laws. When Martumili Artists was established in 2005, this was the first jukurrpa story the artists agreed to paint for a broader public.
Beginning in Roebourne on the west coast of Western Australia, the story morphs in its movement eastward across the land, following a group of women as they walk, dance, and even fly from waterhole to waterhole. As they travel the women camp, sing, wash, dance and gather food, leaving markers in the landscape and creating landforms that remain to this day, such as groupings of rocks and trees, grinding stones and seeds. During the entirety of their journey the women are pursued by a lustful old man, Yurla, although interactions with other animals, groups of men, and spirit beings are also chronicled.
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Kaalpa (Well 23)
Kaalpa is my grandfather ngurra (home) where they walked, hunting bush tuckers. I went there for the first time this year [2018] on a Martumili KJ (Kanyirninpa Jukurrpa) trip. I went hunting there, got a parnajalpa (sand goanna).
When I went there I was pukurlpa (happy). It made you open up your spirt, it feels like home.
It’s got kapi (water) there, a well, jurnu (soak) and tuwa (sandhills)”
Kaalpa is a place of great cultural significance, is also referred to as Well 23 on the Canning Stock Route. It is a good hunting place as there is permanent kapi.
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Kaalpa (Well 23)
Kaalpa is my grandfather ngurra (home) where they walked, hunting bush tuckers. I went there for the first time this year [2018] on a Martumili KJ (Kanyirninpa Jukurrpa) trip. I went hunting there, got a parnajalpa (sand goanna).
When I went there I was pukurlpa (happy). It made you open up your spirt, it feels like home.
It’s got kapi (water) there, a well, jurnu (soak) and tuwa (sandhills)”
Kaalpa is a place of great cultural significance, is also referred to as Well 23 on the Canning Stock Route. It is a good hunting place as there is permanent kapi.
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Kaalpa (Well 23)
Kaalpa is my grandfather ngurra (home) where they walked, hunting bush tuckers. I went there for the first time this year [2018] on a Martumili KJ (Kanyirninpa Jukurrpa) trip. I went hunting there, got a parnajalpa (sand goanna).
When I went there I was pukurlpa (happy). It made you open up your spirt, it feels like home.
It’s got kapi (water) there, a well, jurnu (soak) and tuwa (sandhills)”
Kaalpa is a place of great cultural significance, is also referred to as Well 23 on the Canning Stock Route. It is a good hunting place as there is permanent kapi.